Ion‐Regulated Water Activation in Plasmonic Aerogels for Highly Efficient and Salt‐Resistive Solar Desalination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Interfacial solar evaporation (ISE) offers a sustainable route for water purification, yet its practical application remains constrained by interfacial salt crystallization, inefficient water activation, and operational instability in hypersaline or contaminated environments. Herein, an ion‐regulated plasmonic aerogel that couples broadband photothermal conversion with hydration‐state modulation for high‐performance solar desalination is reported. The engineered titanium nitride‐polyimide aerogel (TiN/PIA), fabricated via organic ice‐assisted unidirectional freeze‐casting, features hierarchical porosity, directional water transport channels, and exceptional salt‐rejection capability. Remarkably, the optimized evaporator, 0.4‐TiN/PIA, achieves an ultrahigh evaporation rate of 4.22 kg m −2 h −1 in 7 wt% saline and maintains 2.96 kg m −2 h −1 in 25 wt% hypersaline under 1‐sun illumination, exceeding performance in pure water. Mechanistic investigations reveal that Cl − ions reduce the evaporation enthalpy through Hofmeister salting‐in effects, validated by Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. Long‐term field trials demonstrate continuous operation with real seawater and industrial wastewater over 8 days without fouling. This study establishes a new paradigm of ion‐mediated water activation in photothermal materials and offers a robust platform for efficient solar‐driven water purification in real‐world conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".