Development of an Endoscopic Ultrasound Device for Delivering Microbubble-Mediated Cavitation in the Pancreas: Characterization and Preclinical In-Vivo Results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Focused ultrasound (FUS) has shown potential for improving PDAC treatment outcomes by enhancing drug delivery through acoustic cavitation. In this article, we present the development of a prototype endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) device capable of producing microbubble-mediated cavitation with ultrasound imaging for treatment guidance. The performance of the therapy array, composed of 64 piezoelectric elements, was characterized up to voltages of 60 V peak, achieving negative pressures of 6.55 MPa in water for a focal distance of 20 mm. High image quality as well as the feasibility of generating cavitation activity in the pancreatic parenchyma were demonstrated in vivo in a porcine model. Future work will focus on demonstrating its potential as a potentiator of chemotherapeutic treatment for PDAC, paving the way for a new minimally invasive approach to PDAC treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".