The first record of a gregarine from the family Urosporidae (Apicomplexa: Lecudinoidea) in a bivalve mollusc, Axinopsida orbiculata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urosporid gregarines are an understudied group of coelomic and intestinal extracellular parasites of marine invertebrates. To date, they have been recorded in various hosts, including annelids, nemerteans, echinoderms and gastropods. In the present paper, we describe a new urosporid gregarine, Gonospora axinopsidae sp. nov., the first in this family known to infect a bivalve mollusc, Axinopsida orbiculata. Trophozoites and oocysts within gametocysts were observed within the bivalve's mantle cavity and hemocoel. The morphology and ultrastructure of these life stages are described using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The 18S rRNA sequence of Gonospora axinopsidae sp. nov. suggests strong phylogenetic affinity with the genus Difficilina, which infects the intestine of nemerteans. This report increases the known host range of urosporid gregarines. The described morphological and genetic characteristics of Gonospora axinopsidae sp. nov. can support further studies aiming to elucidate phylogenetic relationships within marine gregarines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".