Effect of Redundancy on Seismic Performance of Braced Frame Buildings in Eastern and Western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Structural redundancy plays a critical role in the seismic performance of buildings. However, in Canada, it is not explicitly addressed in design codes, and other standards, such as ASCE 7-22, apply uniform redundancy factors without accounting for system-specific variations. This study investigates redundancy effects in chevron braced steel frame buildings using nine five-storey archetypes with varying bracing layouts and configurations, designed for Montreal and Vancouver. Archetypes were analyzed in OpenSees using pushover and incremental dynamic analyses (IDA). Pushover results showed that redundancy, particularly through additional braced bays, improved overstrength. IDA results revealed similar trends at the Life Safety and Collapse Prevention levels, while Immediate Occupancy was more influenced by brace quantity than layout. Regression analyses confirmed strong correlations between performance metrics and structural parameters. This work presents a performance-based framework for redundancy assessment to support refinement of seismic design standards and evaluation procedures in Canada and the United States.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".