Accurate Vehicle Maneuver Analysis Using Smartphone GNSS Carrier-Phase Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study proposes a methodology to achieve accurate vehicle maneuver detection and risk analysis, innovatively leveraging the smartphone time-differenced carrier-phase (TDCP) measurements and the factor graph optimization (FGO) method for accurate vehicle motion estimation. With the centimeter-level precision of TDCP, the method achieves accurate vehicle displacement measurements, while the FGO framework enhances the estimation of vehicle speed, acceleration, pitch and heading angles, as well as angular velocity. Extensive experiments involving multiple vehicles and drivers validate the method’s effectiveness in vehicle motion estimation, maneuver identification, and risk classification. The results demonstrate a reduction in speed and angular velocity estimation errors by up to 47.28% and 66.95%, respectively, compared to traditional GNSS solutions. Furthermore, classification accuracy for high-risk driving behaviors improves by 27.37%, making the method suitable for applications such as usage-based insurance (UBI), fleet management, and autonomous driving.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".