X-ray modalities in the era of artificial intelligence: overview of self-supervised learning approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-supervised learning enables the creation of algorithms that outperform supervised pre-training methods in numerous computer vision tasks. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of self-supervised learning applications across various X-ray modalities, including conventional X-ray, computed tomography, mammography, and dental X-ray. Apart from the application of self-supervised learning in the interpretation phase of X-ray images, the paper also emphasizes the critical role of self-supervised learning integration in the preprocessing and archiving phase. Furthermore, the paper explores the application of self-supervised learning in multi-modal scenarios, which represents a key future direction in developing machine learning-based applications across the field of medicine. Lastly, the paper addresses the main challenges associated with the development of self-supervised learning applications tailored for X-ray modalities. The findings from the reviewed literature strongly suggest that the self-supervised learning approach has the potential to be a “ game-changer”, enabling the elimination of the current situation where many machine learning-based systems are developed but few are deployed in daily clinical practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".