NOx formation in ethylene-ethanol dual fuel counter-flow flames
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renewable based dual-fuel engine technologies are among these promising and feasible solutions for achieving low-carbon transportation in a near term. This study examines nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions on a counter-flow flame burner fueled with ethanol and ethylene at different supply ratios. Instead of air or oxygen, lean premixed ethanol/oxygen/nitrogen was supplied at one side of the burner, while mixture of ethylene/nitrogen was fed from the other side. In comparison to the ethylene–air counter-flow flame, introduction of ethanol from other side of the burner not only increased the maximum flame temperature by about 100⁰C but also produced a broader flame region, both contributing to elevated NO x emissions. Modeling these flames with detailed reaction mechanisms revealed the dominating role of the prompt NO pathway, in spite of the contribution of the thermal NO pathway to certain extent. Detailed reaction pathways of NO x formation were investigated and the dominating pathways suggest the increased oxygen availability in the extended reaction region and the higher flame temperature played significant roles. These findings indicate that introduction of ethanol to the oxidant side may affect the combustion efficiency and fuel chemistry, necessitating careful control of mitigating the NO x emission, which should provide insights for optimizing heavy-duty dual fuel combustion engines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".