Atoms for Peace Programme” Misused by the Nuclear Weapon Aspirant Countries: Case Study of India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Atoms for Peace programme was launched by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953 to help countries use nuclear technology for peaceful purposes like energy, medicine, and agriculture. However, some countries used this support to secretly develop nuclear weapons. This paper focuses on India as a case study to show how the country received help for civilian nuclear development but later used it to build nuclear weapons. The research explains how India gained technology and materials from countries like Canada and the United States, and how weak monitoring by international organizations, like the IAEA, failed to stop the misuse. It also discusses how political interests and global alliances allowed India to avoid punishment, even though it was not part of important treaties like the NPT. This study shows that even with international rules, countries can still find ways to develop nuclear weapons if they have strong political goals and international support. Stronger and more effective global systems are needed to stop this from happening again.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".