The cold tolerance of an adult winter-active stonefly: How <i>Allocapnia pygmaea</i> (Plecoptera: Capniidae) avoids freezing in Nova Scotian winters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Allocapnia pygmaea Burmeister (Plecoptera: Capniidae) is a winter-active stonefly in North America. Despite the adult’s winter emergence, little is documented about the cold tolerance and cryoprotective biochemistry of A. pygmaea . To better understand the cold tolerance of this winter-active stonefly, we collected adult A. pygmaea in Antigonish, NS during March or April in both 2023 and 2024. Following different cold exposures, we measured the lower limits of activity (–8.9 °C) and the temperature at which internal freezing occurs (–11.9 °C), and confirmed that A. pygmaea could survive subzero temperatures unless they froze. We also assayed the following putative cryoprotectants: proline, glycerol, myo -inositol, trehalose, and glucose in control (field-collected) and cold-shocked groups. We detected little effect of cold shock on most cryoprotectants, except for the polyols glycerol and myo -inositol, which decreased in concentration following cold shock. These findings improve our current understanding of Capniid cold tolerance, confirming that A. pygmaea uses a freeze-avoidant strategy, and lay a foundation for future studies on how they may use cryoprotectants for winter-activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".