Effect of different binders on microstructural evolution and strength of sol-gel bonded Al₂O₃-spinel castables
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Al2O3-spinel castable refractories offer several benefits, including high refractoriness, strong resistance to chemical attack, and excellent mechanical strength. These properties make them a preferred choice for steel ladle lining below the slag line. In this study, the effect of different binders on Al2O3-spinel castable refractory was investigated. Three sol systems, including alumina, spinel, and silica sol, were separately employed as bonding agents in ultra-low cement castable formulations. Key properties, such as phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical performance of castable refractories, including bulk density (BD), apparent porosity (AP), and cold compressive strength (CCS), were evaluated. The properties of the castables with sol-gel bonding were compared with those with hydraulic bonding (calcium aluminate cement). It was observed that the castables containing silica sol resulted in higher cold compressive strength (2103 kg/cm2) and higher bulk density because of the absence of low melting or eutectic phases and synthesis of the mullite phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".