Defect Engineering on Commercial Carbon for Economical H <sub>2</sub> O <sub>2</sub> Electrosynthesis Under Industrial‐Relevant Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electrochemical H 2 O 2 production through two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e − ORR) offers a sustainable and green alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. However, the development of efficient catalysts that simultaneously achieve high selectivity, activity, and stability under industrially relevant production rates remains a significant challenge. This study presents a defect engineering strategy to optimize commercial Vulcan carbon for efficient H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis via 2e − ORR. By systematically modulating defect densities, it is identified that carbon materials with moderate defect concentrations (D10‐vulcan) achieve an optimal balance between activity and selectivity, demonstrating over 95% H 2 O 2 selectivity and sustained performance at 400 mA cm −2 for 200 h under industrial‐relevant conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that edge defects and holes act as 4e − ORR active sites, while adjacent carbon atoms serve as 2e − active sites, providing a mechanistic understanding of defect‐mediated selectivity. The proposed “active site saturation” theory explains performance variations under high overpotentials and low oxygen availability, offering a scalable approach and electrocatalyst design guidance for cost‐effective H 2 O 2 production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".