Comparative dielectric behavior of PEGs with varying molecular weights (200–600) in DMSO via time-domain reflectometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the dielectric behavior and complex permittivity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with molecular weights of 200, 300, 400, and 600 g mol−1 in binary mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using time-domain reflectometry (TDR) in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 30 GHz. The static dielectric constant (ε0) and relaxation time (τ) were evaluated to understand the impact of PEG chain length on solvation dynamics. The Cole–Davidson model was employed to fit the measured dielectric spectra. The excess static dielectric constant (ε0)E and inverse excess relaxation time (1/τ)E were analyzed to assess deviations from ideal mixing behavior and cooperative dipole interactions in the system. The results indicate that increasing PEG molecular weight leads to systematic variations in dielectric properties, attributed to differences in hydrogen bonding and segmental mobility. The findings provide insights into the solvation behavior of PEG in DMSO, with implications for solvent design in biophysical and industrial applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".