Scale cortisol reflects the acute but not the chronic stress status in green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Unpredictable chronic stress either has no effect or reduces scale cortisol content in sunfish. • Acute stressors increase scale cortisol content in naïve but not chronically stressed sunfish. • The dynamics of scale cortisol clearance differ between sunfish and goldfish. • Scale cortisol content is not a biomarker of chronic stress in green sunfish. Scale cortisol has the potential to be a useful biomarker of chronic stress in fish, but the dynamics of scale cortisol accumulation and release are not well understood. In this study, we assessed the dynamics of plasma and scale cortisol accumulation and clearance in green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) in response to acute and chronic stressors. While sunfish exposed to 21 days of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) mounted an attenuated acute plasma cortisol response to the daily stressor on day 21 and had reduced liver and body conditions, their scale cortisol content was either unchanged or reduced. In contrast, exposure to an acute stressor increased scale cortisol content 30 min post-stressor in naïve fish but had no effect when preceded by the 21-day UCS protocol. We also examined the effects of an acute stressor on scale cortisol content in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) to identify potential species differences in scale cortisol dynamics. Interestingly, although an acute stressor increased scale cortisol content 30 min post-stressor and declined 24 h later in both species, only sunfish scale cortisol levels returned to baseline by 24 h post-stressor. Together, our results indicate that scales in green sunfish can accumulate and clear cortisol rapidly following an acute stressor and do not reflect long-term accumulation of cortisol from the plasma during chronic stress. As such, we conclude that scale cortisol content is not a biomarker of chronic stress in green sunfish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".