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Record W4413110692 · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115062

An analytical framework to decode socioeconomic interplays in pesticides and fertilizer container collection patterns using land dynamics metrics

2025· article· en· W4413110692 on OpenAlexafffundabout
Rumpa Chowdhury, Nima Karimi, Xinyu Xu, Chunjiang An, Arash Gitifar, Kelvin Tsun Wai Ng

Bibliographic record

VenueWaste Management · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicPesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Canadian institutionsConcordia UniversityUniversity of Regina
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsAgricultureIncentiveData collectionAgricultural economicsStewardship (theology)Agricultural landSocioeconomic statusBusinessGeographyEnvironmental scienceEnvironmental resource managementNatural resource economicsEconomicsStatisticsMathematicsPopulation

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

• Contrast variations in EPFC and NRBC collections from 2016 to 2022 by CleanFarms. • Developed agriculture regions showed higher and consistent collection coverage. • Economic stability enhances EPFC collection efficiency in developed regions. • Emerging regions excel in land utilization collection but lag economically. • Developed MLR models highlight profitability and labor as key efficiency drivers. This study analyzes pesticide and fertilizer container collection trends across Canadian agricultural regions over a seven-year period from 2016 to 2022 through an analytical framework and proposed two land metrics. A 28.3 % decrease in the collection of small empty pesticide and fertilizer containers (EPFCs) coincides with a 41.4 % increase in the collection of non-refillable bulk containers (NRBCs) among associated businesses, indicating a trend toward larger containers, influenced by economic incentives and regulatory guidelines. Nine Canadian provinces were into two regions (developed and emerging) based on their agricultural activities. The agricultural stewardship organization’s spatial collection coverage ratios were notably higher in the developed regions (0.003 to 0.010) than in the emerging ones (0.001 to 0.006), suggesting that recycling services are more efficient in areas with intense agricultural activity. The median EPFC collection rates varied significantly, with the developed regions showing more stability and higher densities (0.24 to 0.41 containers per million CAD) than the emerging ones (0.12 to 0.27 containers per million CAD). The emerging regions exhibited higher land use collection ratios, while the developed regions reported significantly lower ratios, reflecting the challenges posed by larger farm landscapes. The developed collection regression models (R 2 = 0.82 to 0.89 and p < 0.0001) highlighted labor and economic factors as predictors of collection efficiency in both regions. These findings indicate that stronger economic incentives and focused infrastructure upgrades could enhance EPFC collection efficiency, especially in the less developed agricultural areas. Targeted policies that enhance collection infrastructure and integrate labor and economic factors to improve stewardship efficiency and support environmental sustainability are recommended.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.166
Threshold uncertainty score0.657

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.280
Teacher spread0.268 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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