Association of Core Muscle Strength and Endurance with Chronic Ankle Instability- A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> Background Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) accounts for over 40% of cases following an ankle sprain, often leading to debilitating and long-term consequences. Emerging research indicated that deficits in core muscle strength and endurance may contribute to the persistence of CAI. The current study aims to investigate the association between core strength and endurance with CAI. Methods A total of 128 participants were enrolled, including 64 participants with CAI (mean age: 22.73 ± 1.929) and 64 participants without instability (mean age: 21.89 ± 1.691). Ankle instability was evaluated using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). Core strength was assessed using a pressure biofeedback device, and endurance was assessed using the McGill trunk endurance battery. Between-group comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify key predictors of CAIT, including the interaction effects. Results The CAI group revealed significantly lower endurance in trunk flexors (p = 0.003, r = 0.31) and extensors (p = 0.011, r = 0.26). No significant difference was observed in core strength (p = 0.954). CAIT scores were significantly associated with left lateral flexor endurance (r = 0.28, p = 0.012). The final regression model indicated that left lateral flexor endurance was the most consistent predictor (β = 0.074, p = 0.055), accounting for 70.5% of the variance in CAIT scores (adjusted R² = 0.705). A near-significant interaction effect (p = 0.054) suggested that this association may differ by group. Conclusion Lateral flexor core endurance is a critical factor for functional ankle stability. Integrating targeted core endurance training into the rehabilitation programs for CAI is beneficial. Trial registration: The study was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2023/08/056445) on 11/08/2023.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".