Association of Cognitive Function, Hand Grip Strength, Dexterity and Functional Abilities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – A Cross Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background “Diabetes mellitus” “(DM)” is the most prevalent “endocrine disorder” globally, marked by metabolic irregularities that present a considerable risk to physical, social, and emotional growth, leading to many health complications. “Type 2 diabetes mellitus” is the predominant form representing 90% of all cases. “Diabetes” is associated with cognitive impairment which includes decline in attention, problem solving, reasoning and other cognitive functions. “Diabetes mellitus” affect the hand functions negatively. It can impair the hand functions like grip strength, dexterity and hand manipulation skills and consequently influence patient’s hand functional performance and quality of life. Purpose To determine the relation of cognitive function, hand grip strength, dexterity and functional abilities in “type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Materials and Method Fouty three subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus satisfying inclusion criteria were selected. Cognitive function, hand grip strength, hand dexterity and functional abilities of hand were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment, handheld dynamometer, nine hole peg and Duruoz Hand Index respectively Results and Discussion “Regression analysis” was done and found a “significant linear relation” of cognitive function with absolute and relative hand grip strength on dominant hand (p˂ .05) and inconsistent linear relation on non dominant hand (p ˃.05), significant inverse linear relation of cognitive function with dexterity of both hands and functional abilities of hand (p˂.05). Hyperglycemia mediated endothelial dysfunction leads to microvascular disease and atherosclerosis in “type 2 diabetes mellitus” which contributes to accelerated cortical and subcortical atrophy particularly) the frontal lobe, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Atrophy and changes in functionality of the somatosensory motor cortices may affect the skilled task execution in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Disturbances in insulin level may contribute to the accumulation of amyloid β in neural systems, potentially contributing to changes in cognitive and hand functions. Conclusion There is an association of cognitive function, “hand grip strength”, dexterity and “functional abilities of hand” in “type 2 diabetes mellitus”.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".