Androgenic overactivation and epigenetic remodeling drive intergenerational toxicity of bisphenol S in zebrafish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), a widespread plasticizer and endocrine-disrupting compound, can adversely affect steroidogenesis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. This study exposed adult male zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) to an environmentally relevant BPS concentration (0.5 µg/L) for 14 days (d), assessing its effects on 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. Additionally, we examined paternal transmission of BPS effects by breeding exposed males with untreated females and evaluating hatching rates, development, survival, and gene expression in offspring. Direct embryonic exposure (0.5 µg/L) was also investigated. BPS exposure increased 11-KT levels in plasma and testes, stimulated meiotic and post-meiotic cysts, and enhanced sperm production. These histomorphometric changes aligned with upregulated expression of sycp3l (meiotic marker), cyp17a1 (androgen synthesis), and genes regulating epigenetic modifications. However, sperm quality was impaired, with reduced motility and fertilization success. In the F1 generation, paternal BPS exposure led to delayed hatching, increased malformations (e.g., absent somites, tail detachment), and higher mortality. In contrast, direct embryonic exposure did not significantly impact development or survival but elevated estrogenic gene expression ( esr1, cyp19a1b, vtg1 ). No estrogenic effects were observed in exposed adults or F1 larvae. Our findings uniquely demonstrate that paternal BPS exposure has greater adverse effects on embryo development and survival than direct embryonic exposure. This study highlights the impact of BPS on hormonal regulation, spermatogenesis, sperm quality, and transgenerational viability, providing new insights into its ecological risks. • Bisphenol S exposure increased androgen levels and stimulated zebrafish spermatogenesis. • Sperm motility decreased despite enhanced sperm production after Bisphenol S exposure. • Paternal Bisphenol S exposure led to delayed hatching, malformations, and high F1 mortality. • Direct embryonic exposure to Bisphenol S altered estrogenic gene expression but not survival. • Paternal Bisphenol S exposure had greater adverse effects than direct embryonic exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".