Childhood trauma and hippocampal-dependent memory across the psychosis spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Although the processes underlying the relationship between developmental trauma and psychosis remain to be elucidated, alterations in hippocampal-dependent memory (HDM) processing may underlie this relationship. We hypothesized that exposure to developmental trauma would be negatively associated with HDM and hippocampal volume and positively associated with intrusive memories among people with psychosis. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of studies published from Dec. 18, 2020, to Nov. 14, 2023, using the search terms “childhood,” “trauma,” “psychosis,” and “memory processing” in Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, and PTSDpubs. We conducted meta-analyses of studies that measured developmental trauma (self-report questionnaires or interviews), HDM (episodic memory performance and trauma-memory intrusions), semantic and recognition-memory performance, and hippocampal volume among people with psychosis. Subsample analysis determined whether these associations differed across the psychosis spectrum or for specific abuse types. Results: We included 26 studies. Meta-analyses found that developmental trauma was not associated with total hippocampal volume ( n = 4, outcomes = 6, d = −0.12, standard error [SE] = 0.20, p = 0.2), episodic memory performance ( n = 10, outcomes = 42, d = 0.11, SE = 0.19, p = 0.5), recognition ( n = 3, outcomes = 4, d = −0.55, SE = 0.58, p = 0.3), or semantic memory performance ( n = 4, outcomes = 6, d = 0.08, SE = 0.13, p = 0.6) in participants across the psychosis spectrum. One study found that developmental trauma was associated with impaired episodic memory performance in participants with schizotypal disorder and participants with a mixed phenotype of affective and psychotic symptoms. Two studies found developmental trauma to be associated with increased involuntary memory intrusions in a sample of people with psychosis. Limitations: We did not control for age of trauma, sex, or chronicity of trauma. Results should be considered with caution, given the high publication bias and study heterogeneity seen within meta-analyses. Conclusion: The association between developmental trauma and memory processing may not affect HDM more than the psychotic symptoms already experienced by affected individuals. However, future studies should focus on the effects of developmental trauma on involuntary memory among people with psychosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.016 | 0.027 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".