Case presentation: Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in dogs: A comprehensive review and case presentation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) is an acute, life-threatening syndrome primarily affecting large and giant breed dogs. Characterized by rapid gastric distention and rotation, its precise etiology is complex, involving risk factors like breed, age, diet, and temperament. Despite aggressive interventions, GDV carries a substantial 15-24% mortality rate. Clinically, GDV presents abruptly with abdominal distension and unproductive retching, often post-feeding/exercise. Systemic consequences include hypovolemic shock, cardiac arrhythmias, gastric necrosis, and multi-organ hypoperfusion. Prognosis is significantly impacted by gastric necrosis and presentation time. A case in an four-year-old female Labrador, presenting with sudden death and abdominal distension, revealed characteristic post-mortem findings. Necropsy showed severe gastric dilatation with serosal congestion and mucosal necrosis which showed progression to gangrene, enlarged spleen and liver (nutmeg appearance), pale kidneys, and cardiac hypertrophy/dilatation. These findings confirmed multi-systemic dysfunction, including gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory compromise, consistent with fatal GDV. Treatment necessitates immediate stabilization, rapid decompression, and surgical correction with gastropexy. Anesthetic protocols prioritize cardiovascular stability. Challenges remain due to GDV's rapid progression. Continued research in pathophysiology, diagnostics, and prophylactic strategies is crucial to mitigate GDV's devastating impact on canine health and welfare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".