Nonlinear mass and heat transfer across liquid-vapor interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nonlinearities in mass and heat transfer across liquid-vapor interfaces are studied based on models from irreversible thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases. Specifically, we present the nonlinear extension of the well-known Hertz-Knudsen-Schrage (HKS) model of kinetic theory for mass flux and a corresponding relation for heat transfer. It is shown that this extended model stands in good agreement with established kinetic theory models for zero heat flux. The extended HKS model is linked to the force-flux relations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics by determining their nonlinear interface resistivities, which depend not only on the interface temperature, but also on mass and heat flux. Nondimensionalization based on temperature and saturation pressure yields resistivities independent of the local temperature. Reevaluation of recent Molecular Dynamics data for resistivities [Homes and Vrabec, Phys. Fluids 36, 022122 (2024)1070-663110.1063/5.0193522] reveals distinct nonlinearities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".