Comment on egusphere-2025-1801
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The melting of ground ice poses significant hazards in permafrost regions, making effective detection methods essential. Conventional geophysical techniques like electrical resistivity, seismic surveys, or ground-penetrating radar alone often produce ambiguous results due to the overlap of material characteristics between frozen and unfrozen ground. This study addresses these limitations by using the dielectric relaxation time of ice as a unique indicator of ground ice. We developed a method to quantify relaxation time from Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) data measured by the FUCHS III device. The method's effectiveness was demonstrated through synthetic data and two field surveys. SIP field measurements, ranging from 1.46 Hz to 40 kHz, were conducted on a retrogressive thaw slump and a pingo in Yukon, Canada. The extracted relaxation times were mapped to pseudo-depths obtained from single-frequency inversion. This study proposes a relaxation time range from 10 to 400 µs for ground ice, and the results demonstrate that this range can detect ground ice spectra in field studies. Comparison with observations in a borehole and an exposure of permafrost indicate that relaxation time is less ambiguous in detecting ground ice in warm permafrost than conventional methods such as electrical resistivity tomography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.020 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.211 | 0.161 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".