Africanization of International Investment Law and Sustainable Development: Conceptualizing Sustainable Development Within the Framework of Africa’s Investment Law Reforms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Africanization of international investment law (IIL) refers to efforts by African States to reform the international investment regime to suit Africa’s interests. Innovative international investment agreements, like the draft investment protocol of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), exemplify this trend. These agreements aim to promote investments that support the sustainable development of African States. However, sustainable development remains obscure within both scholarly literature and in the context of the African IIL reforms. While most of the innovative African agreements foreground sustainable development, its meaning and scope are unclear in those agreements. Consequently, this paper advances a conceptualization of sustainable development that is consistent with the principles underlying the International Law Association’s 2002 New Delhi Declaration, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 12 and 13. While sustainable development should not be understood as a fixed concept, but rather as a dynamic and contextual process, the principles underlying the International Law Association (ILA) Declaration and the SDGs provide a clear, flexible, and adaptable framework for clarifying the meaning of sustainable development in the Africanized instruments and creating opportunities to combat climate change. They also facilitate coherence in the integration and implementation of sustainable development in African IIL reforms. However, the paper does not suggest that the ILA Declaration and the SDGs offer a conclusive set of standards and principles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".