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Record W4413216539 · doi:10.1145/3712255.3734237

Interpreting Tangled Program Graphs Under Partially Observable Dota 2 Invoker Tasks

2025· article· en· W4413216539 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueProceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicMachine Learning and Algorithms
Canadian institutionsDalhousie University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDOTAObservableComputer scienceProgramming languagePhysicsChemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Interpretable machine learning (ML) implies that structural relationships to exist between different parts of the ML model. We demonstrate how the tangled program graph (TPG) framework is able to demonstrate structural relationships for a suite of partially observable reinforcement learning tasks. The tasks are defined in terms of developing spell casting behaviours for the Invoker hero under the Dota 2 game engine. We show that TPG is able to demonstrate all 4 of the properties used to define interpretable machine learning. Moreover, a unique form of feature engineering / modularity takes place between programs that define state for (indexed) memory versus programs defining actions. The full article appears as Smith and Heywood (2024) "Interpreting Tangled Program Graphs under Partially Observable Dota 2 Invoker tasks" in IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 5 (4): 1511–1524. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAI.2023.3279057

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.674
Threshold uncertainty score0.558

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.259
Teacher spread0.244 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it