An Additive with Carbonate‐Sulfate Hybrid Structure Enables High‐Voltage and Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Driving LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (NCM) cathode to operate at high voltage represents an effective strategy to increase battery energy density, however, it also applies extreme electrochemical constraints on both electrode and electrolyte materials, which induce the generation of oxygen gas and formation of vacancies, transition metal ion dissolution, degradation of lattice structure and cracking of particles, as well as electrolyte oxidation. In this study, a new electrolyte molecule that combines the structures of carbonate and sulfates is designed. When used at additive level, the reactivity of this polycyclic structure ensures its early reduction at anode before any other components in the electrolyte, whose products form robust electrolyte‐electrode interphases and prevent sustained electrolyte decomposition while preserving electrodes’ integrity. Consequently, this carbonate‐sulfate hybrid enables 4.4 V graphite||LiNi 0.6 Co 0.1 Mn 0.3 O 2 to achieve outstanding thermal stability over 1000 cycles with only minor capacity decay (90% capacity retention) even at elevated temperatures, and with 90% capacity retention and only 3% volume increment after long‐term aging at 60 °C. Moreover, the interphasial stability brought by the new molecule renders the battery significantly safer by postponing thermal runaway under abusive conditions. The universal applicability of this hybrid is also demonstrated in diverse battery chemistries including LiCoO 2 and LiMn 0.6 Fe 0.4 PO 4 cathodes with outstanding performances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".