A 325–500-GHz Waveguide Balun With Polarization Twist Characteristics for THz Integrated Circuits and Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, a waveguide balun with additional polarization twist characteristics for terahertz (THz) integrated circuits and systems is proposed and demonstrated. Unlike traditional waveguide baluns, this novel balun enables the polarization ration from anE-plane waveguide input to twoH-plane waveguide outputs without requiring any additional circuit components, achieving an out-of-phase performance at the output ports. Typically, such a functionality would require anE-plane waveguide power divider combined with two traditional waveguide twists and a 180° phase shifter, which significantly increases the design complexity, circuit size, and associated losses. The proposed balun offers a distinct advantage in multiway polarization waveguide systems through structure simplification and loss minimization. To verify and validate this twist topology, a 320–500-GHz experimental prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured. Measured results confirmed an excellent performance of the proposed waveguide twist. The prototype achieves a compact length of only$0.4\lambda $, where$\lambda $represents the wavelength at the center frequency. Therefore, the proposed balun stands for an excellent candidate for compact and broadband THz waveguide circuits and systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".