WITHDRAWN: Human Applications of Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation: A Systematic Review
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Post-publication record
OpenAlex flags this work as retracted, but it carries no matching Retraction Watch record in this frame.
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.310 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> Many neurological and psychiatric disorders involve dysregulation of subcortical structures. Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, non-invasive method developed to selectively modulate these regions and associated neural circuits. <h3>Methods</h3> A systematic review was conducted to evaluate human applications of tTIS (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024559678). MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP were searched up to December 12, 2024. Studies involving human applications of tTIS were eligible. Methodological quality was appraised using the NIH and modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine tools. <h3>Results</h3> Forty-eight records were reviewed (20 published studies, 28 ongoing trials). Of published studies, 16 single-session and 4 multi-session studies assessed safety, mechanistic outcomes, or therapeutic effects of tTIS in 820 participants. Stimulation was most commonly delivered at beta (20 Hz) or gamma (30–130 Hz) envelope frequencies. Neuroimaging studies supported target engagement of the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus in humans, particularly when stimulation was paired with behavioural tasks. Preliminary clinical findings in small samples demonstrated acute symptom improvements in bradykinesia and tremor within 60 minutes following a single tTIS session in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Reported adverse events across studies were mild (e.g., tingling, itching). Emerging trials increasingly utilize multi-session protocols (2–40 sessions) and are extending tTIS to patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, particularly epilepsy and depression. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Phase 1 studies demonstrate that tTIS is safe, well-tolerated, and can engage deep brain targets in humans. Well-controlled Phase 2 trials are needed to assess its therapeutic potential in patient populations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Brain stimulation
- Topic
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Field
- Neuroscience
- Canadian institutions
- University Health NetworkToronto Western HospitalUniversity of TorontoBaycrest HospitalSt. Michael's Hospital
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- NeuroscienceInterference (communication)Transcranial direct-current stimulationStimulationPsychologyMedicineComputer scienceTelecommunications
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes