Bibliographic record
Abstract
Critics have argued that J. R. R. Tolkien uses his northern heroic characters to fix the broken heroism of Old English characters. However, I suggest that Tolkien does not pursue the same motivation in constructing his heroines. Rather, women demonstrate a distinct form of “alloyed” northern heroism due to their experiences of marginalization. When we compare the heroic actions of the Old English Judith to Tolkien’s Éowyn, while demonstrating northern heroic qualities, both Judith and Éowyn must additionally contend with threats of gendered, sexualized violence. Judith’s fight against Holofernes is not only a fight against an opposing political power, it is also implicated in struggles against sexual subjugation and the harassment of women. When she fights, she risks permanent social and cultural marginalization, losing her status as a “chaste woman.” The outcome of Éowyn’s fight against the Witch-king is similarly determined by her role as a woman. Her initial social role as cup-bearer shapes how her heroism is read, as does the Witch-king’s threat of sexualized violence and her ultimate return to the private sphere. Together, these elements construct a gendered arc that has no parallel among Tolkien’s male characters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".