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Characterisation of airflow resistance of different moisture content wheat bulks mixed with different percentages and sizes of dockage

2025· article· en· W4413292167 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueBiosystems Engineering · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicAgricultural Engineering and Mechanization
Canadian institutionsUniversity of LethbridgeUniversity of Manitoba
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaCanada Foundation for InnovationResearch Manitoba
KeywordsAirflowWater contentEnvironmental scienceResistance (ecology)MoistureSoil scienceHydrology (agriculture)Agricultural engineeringAgronomyGeographyEngineeringGeotechnical engineeringMeteorologyBiologyMechanical engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Airflow resistance is a key factor related to physical properties of grain bulks and is influenced by dockage size and its percentage. A cubic chamber with inner dimensions of 500 × 500 × 500 mm was employed to investigate the airflow resistance of wheat bulks mixed with varying sizes (≤1.1 mm, 1.1–2.0 mm, and ≥3.3 mm) and percentages of dockage (0, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 %), along with different moisture contents (14.5, 16.5, and 18.5 %), airflow velocities (1.1–6.6 m s −1 ), and in both vertical and horizontal directions. The airflow resistance decreased with the reduced airflow velocity supplied by the fan, and the supplied airflow rate decreased with the increased airflow resistance. Fine materials (≤1.1 mm) mixed with the clean wheat led to 30–50 % increase of airflow resistance in both directions. Adding 1 % of dockage >3.3 mm (chaff) decreased the airflow resistance by ∼10 %, while adding dockage of 1.1–2 mm size (slightly smaller than wheat) did not result in airflow resistance change. Adding dockage with mixed size had an average 45.6 and 41.2 % increase of airflow resistance in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Airflow resistance in both clean and wheat mixture in the vertical direction was ∼50 % higher than that in the horizontal direction in any moisture content of wheat mixtures. This increased airflow resistance in the vertical direction was in the range of 10–117 %. The best regression equation was the Modified Haque model for predicting airflow resistances tested in this study.

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Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.186
Threshold uncertainty score0.608

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.157
Teacher spread0.152 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it