An iterative approach for optimum sizing and off-design performance analysis of water-cooled brazed plate heat exchanger as supercritical CO2 gas cooler
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHXs) are widely used as gas coolers (GCs) for providing hot water in transcritical CO 2 heat pumps. Dynamic building loads require varying GC operating conditions. Despite their widespread use, methodologies for optimal sizing and off-design performance studies of BPHXs as GCs are rare. This study presents an iterative, segment-based finite-volume model to size and predict BPHX performance under various scenarios, including changes in entering supercritical CO 2 (s-CO 2 ) mass flowrate, temperature, pressure, and water side inlet temperature and mass flowrate. Fifteen combinations of five different heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and three pressure-drop (PD) correlations are investigated, and the model is validated against experimental data. Building on this framework, a multi-criteria Overall Performance-Cost Indicator , encompassing energetic performance, exergy destruction, cost, CO 2 side PD, and desired water outlet temperature, is introduced to support optimal GC selection. The effects of the number and length of plates, and water to s-CO 2 mass flowrate ratio, and inlet s-CO2 temperature and pressure variations on GC load, thermal performance, PD on each side, capital cost, outlet temperatures, and total exergy destruction are detailed. The presented model contributes practical insights into geometry-performance trade-offs and decision-making strategies for GC design and selection under variable operating conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".