Effects of ceratotrichia diameter and packing density on chimaera pectoral fin kinematics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chimaeras – an ancient group of cartilaginous fishes – swim by flapping their pectoral fins in a distinctive locomotory mode, termed flapping flight, that induces an undulatory wave traveling from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the fin. Recent work on bony fishes has shown that fins with internal structure (fin rays) may behave differently than models made of a single material. Our goal was to understand the potential significance of internal structure for the swimming kinematics of chimaeras. We designed an actuation system based on the kinematic patterns of real chimaeras and examined artificial fins of varying fin ray diameter and packing density to investigate how internal anatomy influences pectoral fin tip amplitude, leading-edge curvature, and the induction of undulatory waves. Both diameter and packing density influenced fin kinematics, but diameter had a much larger effect on fin tip amplitude over the tested ranges. Additionally, established rules for undulatory waves outlined in the flexible foil literature did not hold for our fin models. Our work provides new insights into the anatomical parameters that could influence the evolution of chimaera flapping flight, and pectoral fin locomotion more broadly, and provides direction for possible biomimetic applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".