Microfluidic Sensor for Microplastic Detection in Saline Freshwater: Enhancements by Wheatstone Bridge and MXene-Coated Electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a novel microfluidic sensor configuration that integrates a Wheatstone bridge and MXene-coated microwires to enhance the electrophoretic accumulation and detection of microplastics in freshwater with varying salinity. Compared to an equivalent setup lacking these enhancements, the proposed design achieves a three-fold improvement in sensor response. This advancement addresses a critical limitation of previous microplastic sensors, which typically exhibit reduced performance in high ionic strength environments. The Wheatstone bridge improves signal stability and precision by enabling the detection of minute resistance changes associated with microplastic accumulation. Simultaneously, the MXene coating increases particle capture efficiency by providing a high-surface-area electrode interface with strong affinity for microplastics. Together, these innovations enable sensitive, stable, and scalable detection of microplastics across a freshwater salinity range of 0–1000 ppm NaCl.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".