A Compact Single-Layer Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Vehicular Communication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a single-layer pattern reconfigurable antenna for fifth-generation (5G) vehicular communications. The antenna consists of an active dipole, which is directly fed through a feeding port, and three passive dipoles excited by the near fields of the active dipole. Pattern reconfiguration is achieved using three p-i-n diodes placed at the center gaps of the passive dipoles, enabling three unidirectional beam modes: two endfire beams in opposite directions and one broadside beam. The antenna effectively suppresses backward radiation, ensuring a unidirectional radiation pattern in each mode. It has a thin thickness of 0.7 mm and achieves a front-to-back ratio (FTBR) of 22.8 dB and 24.8 dB at 28 GHz for the endfire and broadside modes, respectively. Additionally, it attains a realized gain of 6.36 dBi and 5.38 dBi at 28 GHz for the endfire and broadside modes, respectively. The proposed antenna operates in the bandwidth of 26.3 GHz to 29 GHz with an FTBR above 10 dB and$\mathrm{S}_{11}$less than −10 dB. Additionally, the antenna achieves a radiation efficiency of 95.7% and 94.2% for the endfire and broadside radiation patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".