Devonian-Carboniferous paleosols and tectonics of northwest China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paleosols in the Late Devonian (Famennian) Shaliushui and Qianheishan formations near Pingchuan, in northeast Gansu, China, are characterized petrographically and chemically to reconstruct the paleoenvironments early in the evolution of forests on Earth. The Devonian paleosols, analogous to Neogene paleosols in the Lesser Himalaya of India, formed within the outwash plain of an extremely high (5-8 km elevation) mountain range on the North Qilian Block resulting from continent-continent collision in North China. Such high paleoaltitude is evidenced by Devonian paleosols exhibiting unusually thick horizons of subsurface calcareous nodules, as evidence of inferred mean annual precipitation range of 107 ± 22 mm. These conditions are comparable to those observed in paleosols from India, where monsoonal seasonality is driven by extreme elevation differences. Depth to Bk (calcic horizon) corrected for burial compaction of the paleosols reveals semiarid mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 361 ± 147 mm, with some subhumid outliers of 563 ± 147 mm. Chemical composition of the paleosols is evidence of subhumid (MAP 572 ± 182 mm, but up to 936 ± 182 mm) and temperate climates (MAT 12.5 ± 4.4 o C, but up to 14.9 ± 4.4 o C). Such cool temperatures at low paleolatitude (5-20 o ) are additional evidence of high elevation of at least 1 km. The vegetation consisted of Devonian pteridophytic progymnosperms, evidenced by rare foliar spurs and common woody root traces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".