Effect of Nanobubbles on the Microstructural and Mechanical Performance of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-consuming strain-hardening cementitious composites (CC-SHCCs) are sustainable and highly ductile materials characterized by outstanding tensile properties and carbon consumption capacity. This study proposes the use of nanobubble water (NBW) for CC-SHCCs based on the durable physical properties and element transport capabilities of nanobubbles. The analysis of porosity characteristics of NBW and CO 2 -capturing NBW (NBW + C) shows that nanobubbles reduce micro-sized porosity, while significantly enhancing nanosized porosity. The use of NBW led to an improvement in compressive strength, and NBW + C highlighted the benefits of CO 2 capture by achieving a maximum of 128.5 MPa. In the direct tensile test, the specimens using NBW and NBW + C as the mixing water exhibited improved load distribution and extended strain-hardening regions. The specimen utilized NBW + C both in the mixing and curing stages and achieves a strain capacity of 7.79% and an energy absorption capacity ( g -value) of 1023 kJ·m −3 , which represents exceptional tensile characteristics. Chemical analysis showed that the introduction of nanobubbles and increased CO 2 concentration promoted the transfer and accumulation of calcium and hydroxide ions, accelerating the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels and calcium carbonate (CC). In particular, an exceptionally high net CO 2 consumption capacity ( C C O 2 ) of 2.333 was achieved when NBW + C was used as mixing and curing water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it