Wettability-Switchable Azobenzene Inverse Opal Film via Interfacial Engineering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Precise control of surface wettability and droplet dynamics is essential for the development of intelligent interfaces and fluidic devices. However, most existing systems suffer from limited wettability modulation, an irreversible response, or complex fabrication. Herein, we report an azobenzene inverse opal film capable of reversible wettability and adhesion switching under alternating UV/vis irradiation. The wettability was governed by both photoinduced molecular reorientation and surface topography changes. Upon trans – cis photoisomerization, the surface energy increased from 22.0 to 33.5 mJ/m 2, accompanied by a rise in the sliding angle from 17° to 25° and a transition in the continuous sliding behavior from rolling to pinning. Importantly, the dynamic modulation was repeatable, fatigue-resistant, and strongly dependent on the crosslinking density of the polymer network. The as-prepared film demonstrated programmable droplet mobility, enabling reversible switching between droplet rolling and pinning. This study addressed the challenge of achieving controllable and reversible wettability on solid surfaces without lubricants or complex lithography and offered a promising strategy for developing smart coatings, self-cleaning materials, and photonic fluidic devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".