Postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms in non-birthing parents in Canada: A cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms in nonbirthing parents, overall and by sex, gender, and sexual orientation. BACKGROUND: The postpartum period is a vulnerable time for parents. Although the focus of most research is on the birthing parent, evidence of postpartum mental health challenges for nonbirthing parents is lacking. METHODS: An online cross-sectional study was conducted with nonbirthing parents from across Canada who had an infant <12 months of age. Recruitment occurred through social media and an online survey company. Parents completed questionnaires, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Scores >9 and >10 on the EPDS and GAD, respectively, were considered positive for postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms. T-tests were used to determine differences based on sex, gender, and sexual orientation. RESULTS: A total of 133 nonbirthing parents participated (54.9% first-time parents, 90.2% fathers). Overall, 56.4% of nonbirthing parents had postpartum depression, 23.3% had postpartum anxiety, and 21.8% had comorbid postpartum anxiety and depression. There were no differences based on sex or gender; however, sexual minority parents had a significantly higher prevalence of both postpartum depression (73.3%) and anxiety symptoms (46.7%) than heterosexual parents (52.5% and 16.8%), respectively. DISCUSSION: The postpartum mental health of nonbirthing parents is of critical concern with one in two experiencing symptoms of depression and one in 4 experiencing symptoms of anxiety. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: More work is needed to better support nonbirthing parents during their first year postpartum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".