Development and evaluation of a cementless steel slag–blast furnace slag binder for stabilization of dredged soils with high natural water content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dredged soils with high water content, low shear strength, and poor compaction hinder reuse as construction materials. This study introduces a novel, cementless binder using an optimal mix of steel slag and blast furnace slag (OSB) to stabilize dredged soils at liquid limit. Soils mixed with 10–30% OSB binder and cured for up to 28 days were compared with compacted dredged soils (CDS) and rapid-hardening cement (RHC)-stabilized soils. OSB binder markedly improved strength, stiffness, and durability over CDS. After 14 days, unconfined compressive strength rose 100–300%, and shear wave velocity at vertical stress of 15.3 kPa matched CDS values at 57–113 kPa. Microstructural analyses showed C–S–H and C–A–H gels, enhancing interparticle bonding and lowering compressibility. OSB also delivered greater ductility and wetting-drying resilience than RHC, offering a sustainable, cost-effective option for low to moderate vertical stress uses, such as road subgrades.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".