Wavelength Dependence of Intact Protein Extraction Using Femtosecond Laser Ablation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extraction and analysis of intact proteins from complex biological samples via femtosecond laser ablation are influenced by wavelength-dependent multiphoton and avalanche ionization processes. To investigate these effects, an intact protein mixture with molecular weights ranging from 9 kDa to 68 kDa as well as individual proteins were sampled using laser wavelengths spanning from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared. Our results suggest that visible and infrared wavelengths enable intact protein extraction, even for proteins with strong absorption in the visible spectrum. Ultraviolet wavelengths also yield intact extraction when long enough to avoid resonant absorption by the aromatic amino acids. Our findings support the hypothesis that minimizing multiphoton ionization helps preserve intact protein signals during femtosecond laser ablation. By isolating the role of laser wavelength, this study provides insight on high intensity laser-biomolecule interactions relevant to analytical techniques such as high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".