Interval Timing is altered in male Nrxn1 <sup>+/-</sup> mice: A Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterised by impaired social interactions and communication and increased repetitive and stereotypical behaviour. Neuroimaging shows functional abnormalities in brain areas involved in temporal processing of autistic individuals, and autistic individuals show deficits in interval timing. Neurexin (NRXN) mutations have been identified in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including ASD, and Nrxn1 +/- mice possess a mutation that disrupts the α, β, and γ isoforms of Nrxn1, a gene involved in synapse structure. We investigated the interval timing abilities of the Nrxn1 +/- mouse model of ASD in the peak interval procedure using a 15-second target interval and compared their performance with that of Nrxn1 +/+ and Nrxn1 ΔS5/- rescue mice. Two-month-old male Nrxn1 +/+ (C57BL/6J), Nrxn1 +/- , and Nrxn1 ΔS5/- , mice were trained to obtain sucrose liquid rewards 15s after the onset of a discriminative stimulus (discrete fixed-interval training), and their timing responses were tested in non-reinforced probe trials. Our analysis of responses in individual trials revealed that Nrxn1 +/- mice had overall earlier timing responses. This difference was manifested as earlier termination of responding in terms of the response curves. These findings are consistent with leftward shifts observed with experimental animal models of ASD. In conclusion, we believe that these results are indicative of a biased long-term memory in the Nrxn1 +/- mouse model of ASD and may capture the timing deficit observed in autistic individuals. Lay Summary Neurexins help nerve cells connect and communicate with each other, and changes in these genes are often seen in people with autism. Mice with a change in their neurexin 1 gene, called Nrxn1 +/- mice, show autism-like behaviours. In a test that involves judging time, these mice respond early, similar to some people with autism. This study helps develop our understanding of how interval timing is affected in ASD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".