A Hybrid Imitation–Reinforcement Learning Framework for Optimal Operation of Soft Open Points in Unbalanced Distribution Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a hybrid actor-critic framework for the optimal operation of a phase-changing soft open point (PCSOP) in an unbalanced distribution network. The framework combines algorithmic features of off-policy reinforcement learning and imitation learning. The reinforcement learning component comprises a policy-guiding module based on the PCSOP physics and an adaptive dynamic experience replay buffer. The policy-guiding module facilitates the agents navigation of the complex action space of the PCSOP. The dynamic experience replay accelerates agent training by leveraging expert demonstrations through imitation learning. As part of the design process, the paper also proposes a data-driven linearization of operational power losses in PCSOPs to enhance the convergence of nonlinear AC optimal power flow calculations without compromising accuracy. The proposed framework was trained and tested on a modified three-phase IEEE-33 bus and the multiphase IEEE-123 bus test feeders. Results demonstrate the superiority of our framework compared to three different methods, including the conventional nonlinear AC optimal power flow.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".