Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents an acoustic method for remotely measuring the ocean sound speed profile using a single directional transmitter and at least two receivers. By employing cross-correlation techniques to estimate the time of flight of echo-received signals, the proposed approach calculates both the average sound speeds and the depths of ocean reflectors, resulting in the estimation of the sound speed profile. To validate the method, simulations are conducted using a ray acoustic propagation model that includes both time-invariant conditions and time-varying statistical effects. Key system parameters, including pulse characteristics, transducer geometry, signal-to-noise ratio, and reflector density, are analyzed. The accuracy of the estimated sound speed profiles is assessed by comparing them with the input profiles used in the simulation model. Using the proposed approach, a nonuniform average sound speed profile is measured with a root-mean-square error of 0.67 m/s up to 125 m, using a 22 m transducer array, highlighting its practicality for ocean sound speed monitoring. Experimental evaluation was conducted with a 7.39-m array in the National Research Council of Canada towing tank (200 m × 12 m × 7 m). The tank results showed a standard deviation below 2.5 m/s up to 20-m range, increasing to 12 m/s at 40 m due to reduced signal-to-clutter ratio in the high-interference environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".