Leveraging linked data for space constraints checking of mobile cranes in modular construction assembly lookahead planning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preparing constraint-free lookahead schedules (LAS) in the assembly stage of dynamic modular construction (MC) projects requires checking space availability for mobile crane operation using heterogeneous, distributed information sources. Current automated crane space evaluation methods rely on centralized information databases, whereas linked data based approaches are limited by insufficient geometric computation capabilities. This study proposes a framework to model and validate the space constraints for mobile crane operations using the semantic web. It starts with developing an ontology to represent crane lifting space requirements on the semantic web. Information sources, including construction site point clouds, 4D building information models, and crane specifications, are semantically interconnected using linked data. Shapes Constraint Language JavaScript Extension performs constraint validation through JavaScript-based mathematical computations utilizing the Separating Axis Theorem and a triangulation-based approach to check space for crane placement and rotation, respectively. Validation on two MC sites demonstrated the framework’s effectiveness in identifying space constraint violations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".