Electrochemical performances of azo dyes as organic cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organic electrode materials present a promising pathway toward green and sustainable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant resources, high theoretical capacities, molecular diversity, and environmental sustainability. In this study, we systematically investigate a set of commercially available azo dyes to explore their electrochemical performances as organic cathode materials, with a particular focus on methyl orange (MO), which shows the best performance and lowest cost within the set. Ex situ structural characterizations during discharge-charge tests, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization, confirm that MO undergoes reversible lithiation/delithiation at the azo group. Furthermore, to address issues of dissolution and capacity fading during cycling, MO has been encapsulated within BP2000 conductive porous carbon. The resulting MO@BP2000 composite shows significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability, achieving an initial reversible capacity of 150 mAh g −1 and retaining 121 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles at 30 mA g −1 . These findings clarify the redox behavior of azo dyes in LIBs and provide mechanistic insights that can potentially guide the molecular design of high-performance azo-based cathode materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".