Aeroacoustics of breath sounds in trachea and upper airway
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tracheal breathing sounds (TBS) are widely used in assessing respiratory disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea but a mechanistic relationship between airway morphology and aero-acoustics remains undefined. Here we use a realistic upper airway model reconstructed from a human CT scan to investigate aerodynamic and acoustic effects of velopharyngeal constriction on TBS. A hybrid aero-acoustic modeling approach was employed, combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with acoustic finite element simulation. The model was validated against recorded TBS and showed strong agreement in both amplitude and resonant frequencies. Simulation of four graded degrees of velopharyngeal constriction demonstrated a significant influence of geometric narrowing on airflow dynamics. Specifically, the pressure drop across the velopharyngeal segment (ΔP velopharynx ) followed a power law relationship with the percent area change (ΔA velopharynx ) with an exponent of 4.93 (R 2 = 0.998). Similarly, the dimensionless pressure coefficient (C p ) exhibited a strong correlation with (ΔA velopharynx ), with a power law exponent of 1.47 (R 2 = 0.999). Wall shear stress (WSS) at the velopharyngeal area increased dramatically with constriction severity, increasing 15-fold from 0.8 Pa to 12 Pa in the most severe case. These aerodynamic changes were closely linked to acoustic responses, leading to upward shifts in resonant frequencies within the [1000–1700] Hz range as the velopharyngeal area increased. These findings indicate a strong relationship between airway geometry and acoustic response, thus suggesting that TBS could be a valuable tool for quantitative non-invasive assessment of the upper airway in healthy and obstructive sleep apnea populations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it