Experimental Investigation on Microscopic Oil-Sweeping Behaviour of Novel Injection-Soaking-Production via Fractures (ISPF) in a Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoir
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, a pragmatic and integrated technique has been developed to experimentally quantify microscopic oil-sweeping behaviour of novel injection-soaking-production via fractures (ISPF) for a multistage fractured horizontal well (MFHW) in a tight sandstone oil reservoir. More specifically, the pore-throat structure together with contact angle were firstly measured by using core samples collected from a tight sandstone oil reservoir. Subsequently, ISPF experiments integrated with the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement were carried out to monitor the oil-water distribution and saturation variation within the pores and throats at different stages. By quantitatively characterizing the critical movable throat radius, oil recovery factor, residual oil distribution and saturation variation within pores and throats of different scales, microscopic oil-sweeping behaviour together with its characteristics of pores and throats of different scales at various stages were investigated and analyzed. Compared to traditional displacement methods, the ISPF process can sweep more oil from smaller pores and throats, resulting in a reduction in critical movable throat radius and an increase in oil recovery factor by 8.25%. The oil recovery factor contributed by large pores and throats accounts for 61.41% dominated by displacement, among which 14.72% is contributed via imbibition by small pores and throats. In the first and second cycles, the main characteristics is found to be the rapid oil production from large pores and throats under displacement, while a small proportion of oil produces from small pores and throats due to imbibition. In the third cycle, water breakthrough occurs, and the oil recovery factor of a single cycle contributed by large pores and throats dominated by displacement decreases significantly from 23.83% to 10.45%, but the microscopic oil-sweeping characteristics are still dominated by the production of oil from large pores and throats under displacement. In the fifth and sixth cycles, the main characteristics is the slow production of oil from small pores and throats via imbibition. The findings presented herein serve as a solid foundation for evaluating and optimizing the ISPF processes for an MFHW in a tight sandstone oil reservoir.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".