Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As the innovator of so many modern sports and a new set of amateur values, British sport had a worldwide impact. First there was its spread through the empire. Cricket was successful both in the ‘white Dominions’ and in the Caribbean and in India with the MCC as the ultimate authority. British amateur athletic sports were an inspiration for the Olympic movement founded by French anglophile Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Association football was spread by anglophiles across Europe and by British economic involvement in South America. Australian cricket tours of England drew very large crowds to county grounds from across the social classes while the visits of the New Zealand All Blacks or the Springboks were keenly followed by a smaller middle-class constituency in England and Scotland but a much more inclusive Welsh crowd. The first British Empire Games was held in Canada in 1930. Outside of the empire, however, British sporting bodies were aloof and insular, refusing to take the lead in organizing international sport. This handed the initiative to France through the Olympic movement and the creation of FIFA. The British football associations withdrew from FIFA between the wars and did not take part in the World Cup until 1950.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".