Population genetics and origins of rainbow smelt ( <i>Osmerus mordax</i> ) in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax) is a small predatory fish first recorded in the Great Lakes in the 1910s. Despite the major ecological and economic impacts of smelt in the Great Lakes, most information on the origins of these populations comes from second-hand accounts written decades after the first smelt were recorded. These accounts are based on circumstantial evidence and include speculation about natural migration and reproduction of smelt in Lake Ontario as well as secondary anthropogenic introductions into the Great Lakes. Here, we use mtDNA sequencing and RFLP to demonstrate that the single, recorded government introduction of smelt to the Great Lakes in Michigan around 1912 accounts for only about half of the ancestry of Great Lakes smelt. The remaining ancestry appears to be from an anadromous source population. Furthermore, the absence of a longitudinal cline in haplotype frequency indicates that gene flow and dispersal are high amongst smelt populations in the Great Lakes. Our results suggest multiple invasion pathways within the Great Lakes and provide insights into the genetic diversity of the extant Great Lakes populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".