Seismic performance of circular concrete-encased steel columns for bridges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the seismic performance of a bridge with concrete-encased steel columns that include an I-section steel profile encased in concrete. In this research, the potential use of the proposed system in moderate seismic regions is studied. Also, using a model of a bridge made with CSI bridge software, a comparison between reinforced concrete (RC) piers and the equivalent alternative composite system is made in terms of service and damages after seismic hazards. The Canadian code CSA S6-19 design criteria are used to design RC and composite columns based on the performance-based design (PBD) method in which the ground motions are selected and matched with Montreal's target spectrum. Finally, the effect of using concrete-encased steel sections on the confinement of concrete is discussed and considered in the modeling of plastic hinges. The results show that the composite system can perform as well as the RC column in a lifeline bridge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".