Environmentally Relevant Levels of Ozone Enhance <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Pulmonary Colonization and Cross-Organ Translocation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ozone (O 3 ) is a major global air pollutant. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested links between O 3 exposure and outbreaks of infectious diseases. However, whether environmentally relevant levels of O 3 exacerbate the colonization and infection of airborne pathogens remains unclear. This study demonstrated that exposure to environmentally relevant levels of O 3 (0.15 and 0.60 ppm) significantly enhanced pulmonary colonization of low-dose Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 × 10 3 CFU/mouse) in mice, which failed to colonize without O 3 exposure. Unexpectedly, in vivo and in vitro coculture experiments with BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells demonstrated that O 3 exposure also enhanced the ability of K. pneumoniae to penetrate the lung-blood barrier, thereby inducing bacteremia that spread to the liver and caused severe liver injury. O 3 exposure reduced the proportions of T cells, B cells, and macrophages in the lungs and altered the expression of key pulmonary genes ( Tlr4, Il-18, Traf6, and Tgf-β1 ) involved in resisting K. pneumoniae colonization. In addition, lipid peroxidation product MDA in plasma acted as a mediator in the signal transmission along the lung-liver axis. This study underscores the critical role of air pollutants in pathogen colonization and infection, emphasizing the urgent need to address air quality to mitigate respiratory health risks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".