Understanding Bidirectional Relations Between Adolescent Cannabis Use and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study of Canadian Youth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults has become a growing concern due to its potential impact on mental health outcomes. While existing literature has explored the link between cannabis use and adolescent mental health, there remains a gap in understanding the direction of the relationship between cannabis use in teens and externalizing (e.g., conduct problems, aggression, attention problems) and internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety) over time. Moreover, there is little knowledge of how adolescent mental health may predict first lifetime use of cannabis. This study examined the association between cannabis use and externalizing and internalizing symptoms in youth over an 18-month period. One hundred twenty-eight cannabis-naïve adolescents at familial high risk for mood and anxiety disorders underwent assessment, with 22 participants reporting first lifetime cannabis use at the 18-month follow-up. Controlling for child sex and age, increased baseline externalizing symptoms and decreased internalizing symptoms predicted first-time cannabis use at follow-up. Cannabis use was linked to an increase in both internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time. No interactive effect of baseline internalizing and externalizing symptoms on cannabis use was observed. Among youth who used cannabis, greater frequency of use was associated with higher externalizing symptoms but not internalizing symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".